Regulation of hormone synthesis, storage, release, transport and deactivation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The endocrine system is driven by hormones released into the bloodstream in order to regulate other, distant organs (see Figure 1.3). These hormones are chemical messages that are decoded by specific recognition sites, or receptors, located in the target cells. Hormones are synthesized and stored in endocrine cells and, when required, they are released into the circulatory system. A number of hormones are transported in the bloodstream by carrier proteins. For example, sex hormone binding globulin is specifically responsible for transport of estradiol and testosterone. Other proteins such as albumin are less specific and serve to transport a variety of hormones. Hormone synthesis, storage, release, transport and deactivation occur through a variety of different mechanisms, depending on the chemical structure of the hormone. For example, peptides such as oxytocin are different in almost every respect from steroid hormones like estradiol. For this reason, the first section of this chapter will examine the chemical structure of hormones. The chemical structure of hormones In terms of chemical structure, hormones can be divided into three major groups: (1) steroid hormones; (2) amines; and (3) peptide hormones (Table 7.1). Steroid hormones, like estradiol, are different from the other two groups because of their very low solubility in blood. This is because they are essentially hydrocarbons and therefore need a binding protein to carry them in the bloodstream. A further distinction is the mechanism of their synthesis; steroids and amines are produced from precursors (such as cholesterol and tyrosine, respectively) via specific enzymes, whereas peptides are encoded by specific genes (DNA) that transcribe messenger RNA (mRNA) that is then translated into precursor peptides. 7.1.1 Steroid hormones The steroid hormones are biosynthesized from cholesterol in the adrenal cortex and gonads. Adrenal steroids include cortisol and aldosterone and the gonadal steroids are progesterone, testosterone and estradiol (see Table 7.1). Note that some steroids are also made in the brain, fat tissue and placenta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.027 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".