Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chapter 7 looks at the first decade of the twenty-first century, a time of profound global economic and political realignments. During this period Cuba established a strong alliance with Venezuela, which represented massive economic aid for the struggling island. As the United States became increasingly alienated within the hemisphere, Cuba tightened relations with most Latin American countries as well as with Canada, Russia, China, and Iran. The chapter also covers the gradual phasing out of the sugar industry as the economy moved aggressively to mining, tourism, and the service sector. Oil extraction seemed possible but failed to materialize. A central aspect of this chapter is the transfer of power from Fidel to Raul. The latter brought a more conciliatory and pragmatic governing style and has since implemented numerous economic reforms, including reducing the role of the state as sole provider of employment and services. While there was a transition at the top level, Cuba continued to be ruled by ageing veterans of the revolutionary war. On the side of the opposition, a new generation of leaders emerged with notable visibility of youth, women, and black Cubans, bloggers, and rappers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.025 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".