Secular trends in respiratory hazards, lung function and respiratory disease
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acculturation of the indigenous circumpolar populations to an urban lifestyle has changed many factors which could potentially influence lung function. In addition to possible secular changes in body dimensions (Chapter 7), cigarette smoking has become an almost universal habit among the older children and adults of many indigenous circumpolar groups. Furthermore, the per capita consumption of cigarettes has increased as the cash income of the arctic residents has risen. The overall duration of cold exposure has decreased for most circumpolar people as a consequence of the move from overnight encampments to life in permanent settlements, but the operation of high-speed snowmobiles may have increased the periodic inhalation of very frigid and dry arctic air for at least some of these individuals. Exposure to the smoke from oil lamps has greatly diminished (Beaudry, 1968), but this source of air pollution has been replaced by exposure to quite high concentrations of second-hand cigarette smoke from an early age. Physical fitness has diminished substantially in some circumpolar populations (Chapter 5). Finally, minor respiratory infections remain endemic among young children, although tuberculosis (which was a major consequence of early contacts with ‘white’ immigrants) has now been largely controlled. This chapter discusses the course of these various secular changes in relation to alterations in the lung function of circumpolar populations, which are seen both in children and in adults. Secular changes of body size According to proportionality theory, static lung volumes such as vital capacity should be a cubic function of stature (Von Döbeln, 1966). Thus, a small secular change in the average standing height of a population might make a considerably larger difference to its average lung volumes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".