Toward an Open Society: Reflections on the 1989 Revolution in Eastern Europe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
From the Adriatic to the Baltic, from the Elbe to the Urals and beyond, totalitarianism collapsed. Yet the 1989 bloodless revolution in Eastern Europe caught most observers by surprise, eclipsed only by the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Empire. This chapter explores the signal sociocultural forces that contributed to the sea-change. There are three major reasons for recalling the contributions of major dissident individuals and movements for transcending Communism toward a free society: (1) the memory of the central role of intellectuals/dissidents in the peaceful revolution which toppled Communist rule in Eastern Europe and Russia is rapidly fading, while the job of transcending Communist dictatorships remains unfinished; 2 (2) in a sense, it was easier to critique totalitarian rule than to forge new institutions, and revive or develop civic culture and civil society; 3 and (3) to rekindle the ideals, hopes and aspirations expressed by the language of universal human rights, which served as a common platform for opposing totalitarian rule, and which became often obscured in the post-Communist era by national/ethnic conflict invoking racial/ethnic identities and group rights. 4 In fact, throughout the region, national/ethnic strife threatens to derail the project of an open society. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".