Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is only normal to expect an economically powerful and politically stable nation such as the United States to assert itself on the international scene and to bring the weight of its interests to bear on its neighbors. It is therefore not surprising that in the post–Civil War period the French, even in leftist circles, closely watched and eventually approved of the American administration's annexationist impulses in the direction of Santo Domingo, Alaska, and even Canada. Wearing the halo of victory, which was seen as the triumph of democracy and freedom, the Americans were bound to improve the fate of the populations in these territories. Yet William Seward eventually had to cease his bluster and the Great Republic seemed to turn away from any foreign adventure. Without known foreign enemies, its army very soon returned to its skeletal proportions and its domestic tasks, and its leaders showed no desire to enhance their prestige by international posturing, with the short-lived exception of James G. Blaine, who waved the flag of a worrisome pan-Americanism. However, certain French observers felt that this was an abnormal situation. They ranged from Claudio Jannet, who, unable to forget the annexationism he had seen before the Civil War, considered Mexico and Canada the next victims of Uncle Sam's appetite, to the author writing in the Journal des Economistes , who in his respect for the “natural laws of expansion” thought in 1888 that “… an American expedition to conquer Europe in the twentieth or twenty-first century is no more extraordinary or impossible than the European expeditions of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.”
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".