The effects of Metformin on mitochondrial function in granulosa-cumulus cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Metformin, is the most widely used treatment for type II diabetes. Recently it has been broadly adopted for the treatment of PCOS prior and during pregnancy. Despite decades of clinical use, it was only recently shown that most of the actions of metformin are mediated via inhibition of the first complex of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP production. Oocytes and early embryos are totally dependent on mitochondrial ATP and are extremely sensitive to disturbances in mitochondrial function. Aim: To compare mitochondrial function in murine oocytes and granulosa/cumulus (GC) cells that support oocyte metabolism. Young nonobese female ICR females were treated 5x a week for 16 days with 300mg/kg of metformin. After 16 days females were superovulated and oocytes used for various mitochondrial assays. Metformin treatment did not increase ovulation rates or changed cumulus cell number/oocyte. However, significantly more mitochondria, decreased mitochondrial ROS production and oxidized FAD levels were detected in oocytes exposed to Metformin. When GC were cultured with Metformin, a 25% decline in cellular ATP concentration was observed. These results suggest that Metformin exerts cell specific effects and further studies are needed to guarantee its safe use.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".