Air Pollution and Its Effects in the Respiratory System
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction 1.1 Respiratory system structure and normal functionThe respiratory system is the gateway for 15,000 liters of air that enter through the nostrils, and after its appropriate conditioning, arrives to the delicate net structured by the lung parenchyma.At this site gas diffusion takes place, and oxygen diffuses through the Pneumocyte I cytoplasm to reach the erythrocyte's hemoglobin, passing by the endothelial cell.To make this possible, a well-structured conducting system leads the air (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) from the nostrils to the alveoli.A specialized epithelium blankets the tubes, with some local modifications (Fortoul et al., 2010).This epithelium is constituted by a variety of cells with different functions (Figure 1).In the submucose under the bronchi, mucous and serous glands are located, and liberate its secretion to the surface of the epithelium (Figure 2).These glands, as well as the goblet cells, produce mucus that in normal situations is Alcian blue/ PAS+ (Davis & Dicker, 2008).The biochemistry of the mucus, produced by the goblet or the submucosal glands is important because they determinate their viscosity, pH, and charge, as well as its stain affinity (Figure 3) (Rose & Voynow, 2006).With the help of intercellular junctions, this tubes system separates spaces between the epithelium, which is known as interstitial space and it houses connective tissue, fibroblast, lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells that may migrate from the capillaries.Along these tubes the air that enters through the nostrils becomes moistened, filtered and temperated, to arrive into the alveoli for gas diffusion.A change in the composition and function of the epithelial components will be associated with a variety of diseases which are associated to air pollutants exposure (Figure 4) (Mussali-Galante & Fortoul, 2008).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".