Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter discusses the recent neuroimaging studies that have started to unravel some of the mysteries behind the behavior and cognitive manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD). In-vivo anatomical and functional confirmation of the cortico-striatal loops in humans comes from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. In the early stages of PD, frontal lobe dysfunction most likely reflects deafferentation in relation to dopamine deficiency. In keeping with neuropathological studies, which have demonstrated Lewy bodies and cell loss in medial temporal lobe areas high-resolution MRI images have demonstrated hippocampal atrophy in PD. There is pathological and in-vivo positron emission tomography (PET) evidence that other neurotransmitters, particularly cholinergic pathways, are involved in PD dementia (PDD). In-vivo PET studies are currently investigating whether concomitant amyloid pathology may contribute to dementia in PD subjects, although at this point, it appears that amyloid deposition is associated more with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) than with PDD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".