Bibliographic record
Abstract
In terms of British political history the twentieth century has been justifiably termed ‘the Conservative Century’; it would be equally justifiable to describe British economic history in the twentieth century as ‘the City's Century’. Of course the term that has been most closely associated with the economic history of twentieth-century Britain is decline , reflected in the titles of many of the most celebrated and widely used studies of British economic development in the past hundred years. But the service sector, and in particular banking and financial services, have until recently stood out as apparently immune to the ‘British disease’. That the service sector, particularly the City, flourished has raised the question of whether this was due simply to market strengths or to the City's interests being actively fostered by government economic strategy and policy over the long term. Inasmuch as governments throughout the century were overwhelmingly Conservative this in turn raises the question of whether the politics of the Conservative century and the economics of the century of the City were related. At first glance the City and the Conservative party do appear to have enjoyed close relations. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the Conservatives had replaced the Liberals as the pre-eminent political representatives of City opinion, and in the last two decades of the twentieth century ‘Big Bang’ players on London's international dealing, commodity and capital markets were very much associated with Thatcher's Conservative party.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.020 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".