Europe and Asia: a view of what remains
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Key points Eurasia is the largest continent, but its coastal wetlands have long histories of human occupation and few tidal wetlands remain; temperate salt marshes dominated by grasses and pickleweed occur in Western Europe and the northern Mediterranean; these wetlands are grazed by livestock or used for salt production; extensive microtidal Danube Delta marshes survive as wildlife refugia because of wild pigs and malaria mosquitoes; Mesopotamian and Yangtze basin marshes are highly imperiled by upstream dam construction; Southeast Asia has 10 densely populated delta wetlands in high to extreme danger of survival; tsunamis and tropical storms damage fringe mangroves on coastlines long changed by farming and aquaculture; monsoon floods and tidal surges drown millions of people in China despite giant dams; efforts are being made to replace mangals destroyed for wood, and rice or shrimp farms, and to stabilize mudflats with cordgrass. Background The continents of Europe and Asia (Eurasia) make up about one-third of the world’s land area, but the combined acreage of their coastal wetlands is less than in the much smaller Nearctic and Afrotropical landmasses (Ramsar, 2007). Coastal wetlands of both Europe and northern Asia belong to the Palearctic biogeographic province (see Figure 6.5). Eurasian temperate marshes therefore share many common characteristics, particularly large-scale anthropogenic alteration over thousands of years, beginning in the Middle East, Europe and China, which have been ancient centres of agriculture and the locations of first cities since about 9000 yr BP (Roberts, 1998; Riehl et al ., 2013). In this temperate region, there are now only two major estuaries: the Rhine Estuary (Netherlands) and the Shatt al-Arab (Iraq); both are seriously endangered by rising global sea level and global warming trends. Further south in Eurasia, the tropical-subtropical wetlands lie in the Indo-Malayan and Polynesian sectors of the Oceanic biogeographic region. Here, ten vast, densely populated estuaries are under moderate to extreme threat of destruction from rising global sea level. The tectonically active Southeast Asian region on the western ‘Pacific Ring of Fire’ is further subject to frequent earthquakes and tsunamis, as well as intense river flooding during the monsoon rain season.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.037 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".