An overview of behavioral neuroendocrinology: present, past and future
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this book The aim of this book is to introduce students to the language and concepts of neuroendocrinology, including how the neuroendocrine system influences behavior. It began with a consideration of the many chemical messengers in the body, classified as “true” hormones, neurohormones, neurotransmitters, pheromones, parahormones, prohormones, growth factors, cytokines, adipokines, vitamins and neuropeptides. As more became known about the neuroendocrine system, it became clear that these classifications are not unambiguous and a single chemical might fit into two or more classes of messenger and perform different functions. This means that while the classification of chemical messengers is useful to begin the study of neuroendocrinology, by the end it provides little help in understanding the different actions of peptides, steroids, neuropeptides and neurotransmitters on different target cells, even within the same tissue. The hormones of the endocrine and pituitary glands are generally accepted as the major components of the neuroendocrine system. However, the traditional endocrine function of hormones being released into the bloodstream to act on peripheral target cells represents only a small part of the neuroendocrine activity of hormones such as testosterone, cholecystokinin or somatostatin. These hormones also have significant effects in the brain, via specific receptors, and can alter neural regulation of autonomic reflexes, behavior and emotional states. The hypothalamus provides the link between the brain and the traditional endocrine system and provides the locus for external factors, such as environmental influences, to regulate endocrine target organs. Thus, while the endocrine system consists of a number of closed-loop feedback systems that maintain homeostatic control over the synthesis, storage, release and deactivation of hormones, external stimuli can alter these systems. For example, environmental stimuli, social interactions and cognitive factors can greatly alter the functioning of the endocrine system by altering the neurotransmitter/neuropeptide pathways that regulate the release of hypothalamic hormones.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.032 | 0.018 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".