Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles and experimental procedures related to the measurement of the shear strength of unsaturated soils using triaxial and direct shear apparatus and from the soil water characteristic curve and the saturated shear strength parameters. Multistage testing can be performed using triaxial or direct shear testing equipment for consolidated drained tests. Undrained shear strength can be interpreted by extending the D. G. Fredlund et al. shear strength equation. The shear strength test is performed by loading a soil specimen with increasing applied loads such that a failure load is determined from the stress vs. strain relationships. From a practical perspective, the different failure criteria produce similar shear strength parameters for unsaturated soils. Several investigators have observed nonlinearity in the shear strength vs. matric suction relationship. As the specimen desaturates, the rate at which the shear strength increases gradually decreases with an increase in the matric suction.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".