Portuguese Emigrants and the State: An Ambivalent Relationship
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the nineteenth century Portugal has been a country of emigration. As a result of this continuous outflow, estimates indicate that the number of Portuguese citizens and their descendants living in another country is between 2 and 4.8 million. Their main countries of residence in the Americas are the United States, Brazil, Canada and Venezuela; in Europe, they live mainly in France, Switzerland and Germany. Taken together these seven countries host 80 per cent of all Portuguese living abroad. After a brief description of Portuguese emigration history, with a special emphasis on current emigration flows and the development of Portuguese communities in different host countries, the chapter will analyse the relationships that Portuguese citizens abroad maintain with their country of origin. Special attention will be given to Portuguese political institutions and the legal framework built to mould the connections that Portuguese emigrants maintain with the Portuguese State. As will be shown, the Portuguese State and its political elites have, particularly in recent decades, manifested discomfort in dealing with contemporary emigration flows and Portuguese communities abroad. This attitude towards emigration has led to an ambivalent position held by both the Portuguese State vis-à-vis Portuguese citizens living in other countries and emigrants towards their homeland. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".