Length of stopover, fuel storage and a sex-bias in the occurrence of red knots Calidris c. canutus and C-c. islandica in the Wadden Sea during southward migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During southward migration the Wadden Sea is the meeting place of Red Knots Calidris canutus of two subspecies that breed in either western Siberia (C. c. canutus) or north Greenland and north-east Canada (C. c. islandica), but the details of their co-occurrence have not been described. In 1995-98 numbers of Red Knots in our study area in the western Dutch Wadden Sea usually built up in late July towards maxima of 10 000-20 000 individuals in August and early September. In each of these four years we attached tiny (1.3-1.8 g) radiotransmitters to a total of 95 molecularly sexed adults to determine the length of stay of different categories of birds. The 65 females (68%) predominated the samples, and among the females the majority (48 birds) was captured without traces of wing moult. In females, but not in males, birds caught in wing moult stayed significantly longer than non-moulting birds. Non-moulting females weighed up to 200 g and disappeared within three weeks after being marked. The timing of their disappearance corresponded with observed departures of flocks towards the southwest, and published departure times of canutus. The relationship between length of stay and mass at capture of these early departing non-moulting females suggests a daily mass gain of about 2.84 g d(-1). These birds had a mean bill length that was 1 mm (yet significantly) longer than those of the other female categories; a relatively long bill is a well known attribute of canutus. The much smaller sample of males with similar mass, moult and staging time characteristics did not show longer bill lengths and we are thus unable to unambiguously confirm the presence of canutus males in late July and early August; this bias remains to be functionally explained. Sex ratios were even in birds assignable to islandica.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".