Bibliographic record
Abstract
The “Introduction” Morgenstern was energized during this time by writing the part of the Theory of Games that was to be most widely read – his accessible introduction, the “Formulation of the Economic Problem”. A manifesto for a new mathematical economics, this chapter represents the confluence of the two different intellectual traditions of the two authors, bearing traces of Austrian criticism and yet pervaded with the influence of von Neumann. The essay defends the use of a certain kind of mathematics in economics and discusses rational behaviour, utility, and the new concepts of solution and standard of behaviour. The primitive state of economics, it is repeatedly emphasised, has been the result of an inadequate understanding of the basic categories and facts, onto which an unsophisticated and imitative mathematics has been grafted. The simple application to social interaction of the physical metaphors of rational mechanics or conservative systems is rejected. So, too, is the idea that the natural and social worlds constitute two different domains, to be treated differently in science. This rejection of the distinction between Geisteswissenschaft and Naturwissenschaft , a rebellious stance already taken by KarlMenger in the mid-1930s, continued Morgenstern’s break with the Austrian economic tradition. Rather, following von Neumann, the empirical world, as a heterogeneous collection of phenomena, be they natural or social, is seen as a repository of potential bodies of mathematics, and the prominence of the phenomena is interpreted as a sign of their promise in this regard.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.014 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".