Evidence on the Co-Integration of the Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Ghana
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The mining industry has traditionally been a major recipient of foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan Africa and has commonly been an important foreign exchange earner for the region. The purpose of this study is to empirically determine the factors that have influence FDI flows in Ghana from 1983 to 2012, using co-integration analysis. The major empirical and methodological contribution of this study is the use of co-integration approach to determine FDI inflows to the mining sector in Ghana. The results of the study registered exchange rate, inflation and openness of trade to be significant in the long run. Natural resources were designated to have a negative long-run relationship between FDI inflows. GDP was used as a proxy for market size and economic liberalization were also registered to be insignificant. In the short run all the variables were found to be insignificant except natural resources which contributed negatively and significant to the mining sector. One economic task facing Ghana, therefore, is how to articulate the necessary policies that can attract the right kind of FDI in the mining sector.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it