Influence of diet on growth, reproduction and lipid and fatty acid composition in the sea cucumber<i>Cucumaria frondosa</i>
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The suspension-feeding sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa is widely distributed in cold waters and is commercially exploited in the North Atlantic. While the species is considered to have potential for aquaculture, its feeding and reproductive biology differs markedly from that of currently cultivated sea cucumbers. Here, for the first time, the influence of food sources on the condition of C. frondosa was experimentally tested. Individuals were fed with either diatoms or fish eggs for 3 months. Specific growth rate (SGR), organ indices, fecundity, gonad maturity and profiles of lipids and fatty acids (FA) in tissues were compared among treatments and with sea cucumbers collected from the field. Individuals fed with fish eggs showed higher SGR and organ indices than all other treatments. The highest proportion of large oocytes was also found in gonad tubules of females from the fish egg treatment, although individuals fed with diatoms were the only ones in which spontaneous spawning occurred. Moreover, gonad and muscle tissues of sea cucumbers from the fish egg treatment presented the highest levels of lipids and essential FA. In contrast, non-fed sea cucumbers showed negative SGR, relatively low female fecundity and low concentrations of lipids and FA in tissues. While the fish egg diet presented several obvious benefits, phytoplankton remains an important source of carotenoids, which are vital for vitellogenesis in echinoderms. This indicates that mixed diets rich in lipids, essential FA and carotenoids can be further investigated to optimize growth and reproductive output of this species in captivity.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it