Grassroots Participation and Party Leadership Selection: Examining the British and Canadian Cases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In many Western democracies, there has been considerable recent debate over the effectiveness of participation in parties in producing political and social change. Many argue that political parties are elite-driven, hierarchical organizations in which grassroots members have little chance to influence decision making. One manifestation of this is young activists turning away from political parties towards alternative methods of public participation such as advocacy groups and social movements (Cross and Young, 2008). But there is no doubt that parties occupy a central place in the democratic life of Western democracies, particularly as a linkage between citizens and the state (Katz, 2001). The extent to which parties engage large numbers of local partisans in key decisions is an important measure of how well they perform this linkage role.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.034 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".