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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acute symptoms of methamphetamine-induced psychosis are similar to those of primary schizophrenia. Understanding similarities or differences in the biological substrate of these psychoses could lead to early differentiation of these two clinical conditions resulting in more efficient treatment strategies. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was acquired from the medial prefrontal cortex in 29 unmedicated patients with first episode of psychosis (FEP), 29 abstinent methamphetamine-addicted people (METH) and 45 healthy controls (HCs) (age range 17.3 to 29.9years old). The METH group displayed robust reductions in concentration levels of glutamate (Glu) relative to FEP (Cohen's d=1.20) and HC (d=0.87). The METH group also displayed reduced levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) relative to FEP (d=0.53) and HC (d=0.76). The HC group displayed a positive association between levels of Glu and NAA, r(45)=0.52, p<0.001, while the two clinical groups failed to show this normal association. This suggests that the cellular metabolism is altered in both conditions. These data support the assumption that cellular abnormalities differ between primary schizophrenia and methamphetamine addiction despite the overlap in clinical presentation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".