Bibliographic record
Abstract
The variation found in varieties of English can be documented for different linguistic levels. Below, an attempt is made to indicate what the chief features of phonology, morphology and syntax are which are more or less removed from contemporary conceptions of standard English in major anglophone countries. Vocabulary is only dealt with briefly (see section 4) as the variation here is not a matter of structural differences. In a way lexical variation represents a relatively simple case: a word in an anglophone variety is either a dialect survival, an indigenous loanword or an independent development, if it has not been inherited through historical continuity with mainstream English. There may be some cases of disagreement, an instance being shanty which could stem from the Canadian French for ‘log cabin’ or be possibly connected with the Irish for ‘old house’. However, the levels of sounds and grammar provide many contentious issues because the sources of their features are not so easily identified. These levels constitute subsystems in language – closed classes – which speakers are not usually aware of and where for virtually every parallel between an extraterritorial variety and a British dialect there is an equally significant difference. Such situations are tantalising for the linguist but also represent a challenge to present a convincing case either for or against dialect influence. Not all the items listed below are necessarily instances of dialect retention or at least may have other possible origins as contact features or independent developments.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.082 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".