Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extract Chapter contents ... Analgesic nephropathy Analgesic nephropathy is the commonest drug-induced chronic kidney disease. It is characterized by renal papillary necrosis and chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis. Papillary necrosis is an ischemic lesion of the inner medulla secondary to a decrease in blood flow, in combination with inflammation. Analgesic abuse accounts for >25% of cases of papillary necrosis in the USA, and 75% in Australia. Epidemiology Early recognition of analgesic abuse is important as it causes a completely preventable form of renal disease and renal failure. There is wide variation in the geographic incidence, based on differences in the annual per capita consumption of phenacetin. The incidence is highest in Australia (20%) and Sweden, and lowest in Canada (2–5%). Pathogenesis It results from the habitual consumption of combination analgesics, particularly those containing phenacetin, aspirin and caffeine. Dependence on these combination mixtures is encouraged by the caffeine component. This risk of developing renal disease is dependent on the cumulative dose. Renal injury begins after consumption of 2–3 kg of both phenacetin and aspirin, and is clinically evident after 5–7 kg is consumed over a period of 5–8 years.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.170 | 0.066 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".