Bibliographic record
Abstract
The 1980s and 1990s have seen major advances in the understanding of regulation of bone metabolism. The section on cellular and hormonal environment of bone reviews the basics of biochemistry and cell biology of bone. With the elucidation of the synthesis and post-translational modification of bone collagen, has come the ability to measure markers of both collagen synthesis and its breakdown. In the formation of new bone, and the breakdown or resorption of old bone, components of the non-collagen matrix of bone are also released by the cells that are synthesizing these products or remodeling the bone matrix. Because these components are released from bone into the circulation, their measurement may provide a window for clinical assessment of the process of bone resorption and formation. The normal adult human skeleton is constantly remodeling. This is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 17.1. The skeleton may be regarded as being made up of millions of basic multicellular units (BMUs) or bone remodeling units (abbreviated in some publications as BRU). At any given time, most BMUs are in a resting stage. In a response to a variety of stimuli (mechanical stress, parathyroid hormone, withdrawal of estrogen, local release of growth factors and cytokines, etc.) a resting BMU can be stimulated into activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".