Bibliographic record
Abstract
The standard model – augmented (say) with dimension-5 operators to account for neutrino oscillations – explains all particle physics experiments performed to date (2006). Yet there are a number of reasons to believe that it is incomplete, and should be regarded at best as being the effective theory describing particle physics at the energy scales which have been probed experimentally (roughly several hundred GeV). This chapter aims to summarize these reasons, with an eye to identifying the main themes which govern the searches for the standard model's replacement. These themes typically revolve about “puzzles,” which either center around attempts to explain the values of some of the standard model's couplings, or around speculations about what kinds of new particles might exist at very large masses, and what their implications might be for experiments at accessible energies. Our goal in this summary is not to be exhaustive, but rather to provide a conceptual framework for further reading of the many research directions within the literature on the broad topic of physics “beyond the standard model.” The organizing theme for our discussion is the assumption that any particles which have not yet been discovered must be heavy compared with the energies to which we presently have experimental access. This assumption has three motivations, not least of which is the outstanding success of the standard model itself.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.019 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.015 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.010 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.057 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".