Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction The Earth has undergone enormous changes in its snow and ice cover during geological time. There have been at least six major Ice Ages, as well as periods when there has probably been no ice, like the Cretaceous. Ice ages are periods when significant portions of the Earth’s surface are covered by glaciers and extensive sheets of ice; there is no strict quantitative definition. The major ice ages were the Huronian/Makganyene glaciations in the Neoarchean–Paleoproterozoc (~2,700 to 2,200 million years ago, Ma), the Sturtian, Marinoan, and Ediacaran glaciations of the Neoproterozoic (~730–700 Ma, 665–635 Ma, and 635–542 Ma), the late Ordovician glaciation (460 Ma), the late Devonian glaciation (360 Ma), the Permo-Carboniferous glaciation (320–250 Ma) and the late Cenozoic glaciation (beginning ~40 Ma). Glaciations appear to account for ~28 percent of Paleozoic time.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.011 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".