Capacitively-Coupled CMOS VCSEL Driver Circuits
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A capacitively-coupled laser diode driver (LDD) for common-cathode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) designed in 65 nm CMOS intended for short-reach parallel optical interconnects is presented. The LDD consists of a capacitively-coupled voltage-mode high-frequency path and a direct-coupled path that provides low-frequency signal components. By increasing the low-frequency path bandwidth an order of magnitude compared to previous capacitively-coupled drivers, the on-chip coupling capacitor is reduced to 1.05 pF, occupying 3 times less area than prior art. The driver incorporates capacitively-coupled two-tap pre-emphasis to equalize the VCSEL's optical response. The VCSEL was modulated with an optical modulation amplitude (OMA) of up to +5.1 dBm and an extinction ratio of 9 dB at 15 Gb/s, the highest extinction ratio achieved in high-speed anode-driving CMOS LDDs. The driver is programmable and is also demonstrated with +2.3 dBm OMA at a power consumption of only 30 mW, corresponding to an energy efficiency of 2 pJ/bit.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it