Effect of Anemia and Red Blood Cell Transfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background: The optimal hemoglobin (Hb) in the setting of acute myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. Anemia reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of blood and may theoretically exacerbate ischemia increasing myocardial injury. The benefit of transfusion to correct anemia in acute coronary syndromes is also controversial. The goal of this study was to determine the optimal Hb in the setting of acute MI and whether transfusion reduces myocardial injury and improves outcome. Experimental design: Ninety-two male Sprague-Dawley rats (170–190g) were divided into 8 groups: 1: Normal Hb, sham operation; 2: Normal Hb, MI; 3: Hb 80–90g/L, sham; 4: Hb 80–90g/L, MI; 5: Hb 70–80g/L, sham; 6: Hb 70–80g/L, MI; 7: Hb 80–90g/L, MI with transfusion to 100g/L; 8: Hb 80–90g/L, MI with transfusion to 120g/L. To determine the effect of blood transfusion, fresh blood was immediately transfused following MI. Induction of myocardial infarction was preformed by left coronary artery ligation. Sham-operated rats underwent the same surgical procedure without ligation. At 24 hours post-MI, rats were re-anaesthetized and hemodynamic measurements preformed. Area at risk and infarct size was measured by Evans blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride, respectively. Results: In the normal Hb group (140–150g/L), survival following sham or MI surgery was 100%. Reduction of Hb to 80–90 and 70–80g/L significantly decreased survival post-MI to 42% and 47%, respectively. Survival was significantly improved after transfusion of fresh blood to raise the hemoglobin from 80–90g/L to 100g/L (P<0.05). However, there was no improvement in survival when Hb was raised by transfusion to 120g/L (P=NS). Twenty-four hours post-MI, the ischemic to non-ischemic left ventricle (LV) weight ratios were not significantly different between any groups indicating similar areas of myocardial ischemia among all groups (P=NS). However, the infarct size to area at risk ratios were significantly increased in both 70–80g/L and 80–90g/L groups compared to the normal Hb group (P<0.05). Transfusion from Hb 80–90g/L to 100g/L significantly decreased infarct size compared to the Hb 80–90g/L group (P<0.05). However, transfusion to Hb 120g/L resulted in a significantly larger infarct size compared to the Hb 100g/L transfused group (P<0.05). Cardiac function was determined at 24 hours post-MI. Heart rate, MAP, LVSP and LVEDP were not significantly different among all groups but anemic groups 80–90 and 70–80g/L showed a significant decrease in LV +dP/dtmax and −dP/dtmin in both sham and MI rats (P<0.01) with the most significant decrease noted in MI rats compared to sham operated rats (P<0.05). Blood transfusion post-MI from a Hb 80–90 to 100g/L significantly improved LV +dP/dtmax (P<0.05). Transfusion to Hb 120g/L did not result in any further improvement in cardiac function. Conclusions: In the setting of acute MI, anemia increased mortality and infarct size compared to non-anemic controls. At 24 hours post-MI, anemia also impaired cardiac function. Transfusion of anemic animals up to a Hb of 100g/L with fresh RBCs reduced mortality and infarct size and improved cardiac function. However, transfusion to a Hb of 120g/L did not demonstrate any additional benefit and was associated with larger infarcts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".