Effects of competition, shade and soil conditions on the recolonization of three forest herbs in tree‐planted riparian zones
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Questions In mesic forests, ecological filters due to past agricultural land use reduce forest herb recolonization. Is the recruitment of such species also limited in tree‐planted riparian zones by local filters such as competition, shade level and soil conditions? Location Two agricultural watersheds, southeastern Québec, Canada. Methods Three herbs characteristic of natural riparian forests were selected for this study: one graminoid,Glyceria striata, and two ferns,Matteuccia struthiopterisandOnoclea sensibilis. Effects of shade level (75% vs 50%) and soil type (forest vs agricultural soil) on seedling emergence were evaluated in a seed‐sowing greenhouse experiment. In a 2‐yr transplant field experiment, seedling and sporophyte establishment was monitored in five natural riparian forests and five tree‐planted post‐agricultural riparian zones on microsites with understorey vegetation kept intact or cleared and on forest or agricultural soils. Usinga prioricontrasts, we assessed the influence of habitat type (natural riparian forests or tree‐planted riparian zones), competition and post‐agricultural soil type on transplant survival and growth. Results Seedling emergence tended to be higher on forest soils forG. striatawhile sporophyte emergence increased under 75% shade forM. struthiopteris. Transplanted seedlings and sporophytes of the three species survived and grew as well in tree‐planted riparian zones as in natural riparian forests. In tree‐planted riparian zones however, competing understorey vegetation reduced the survival and growth ofG. striataand agricultural soil reduced the growth ofM. struthiopteris. ForO. sensibilis, only sporophyte survival was reduced by competition in tree‐planted riparian zones. Conclusions Planting trees in post‐agricultural riparian zones fosters establishment of forest herbs similar than those observed in natural riparian forests. Additional environmental filters specific to tree‐planted riparian zones, however, offset the positive influence of trees and limit recolonization of the three studied species. Considering the partial restoration success of establishment niches by tree planting, controlling spontaneous vegetation after tree planting is advised when conceivable and cost‐effective to promote the recolonization of environmentally‐limited forest herbs. Long‐term transplant experiments should be more often conducted to identify the ecological filters that reduce plant recolonization, and thereby design the most effective restoration strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".