Effect of Temperature and Pressure on Contact Angle and Interfacial Tension of Quartz/Water/Bitumen Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Thermal-recovery methods (e.g., steam injection) are commonly used to recover bitumen from oil sands. The injected steam contacts the oil sand and forms an interface. The steam changes to water, transferring its heat to bitumen across this interface. The heated bitumen will have a lower viscosity, which allows for oil to be mobilized and recovered from the reservoir. Studies that explain hot-water/bitumen interfaces are crucial for understanding thermal-recovery methods. The strength and energy of hot-water/bitumen interfaces are expected to play important roles in the recovery of bitumen from oil sands. However, measurements on hot-water/bitumen interfaces are scarce in the literature. A relevant measurement would be the contact angle and interfacial tension (IFT) of the water/bitumen interfaces at different temperatures. In this paper, it has been attempted to reveal and present the results of several water/bitumen contact-angle and IFT measurements. The measurements cover a temperature range from ambient to 100°C for a given pressure. The experiments are run in X-ray transparent cells, and images are taken using a microcomputed-tomography (microCT) scanner. The results of contact angle and the IFTs of the hot-water/bitumen interface are produced by using the axisymmetric drop shape-analysis (ADSA) method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".