Public Agency Involvement in Government–Religious Movement Confrontations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The problem of collective religious violence is poorly understood, in part, because it is relatively rare. In the decade before the dawn of the new millennium, a cluster of incidents involving apocalyptic new religious movements captured the attention of scholars, government authorities, and the public. Four prominent cases of collective religious violence in the 1990s can be singled out: the Branch Davidian standoff near Waco in 1993; the Solar Temple mass suicides in Switzerland and Canada in 1994, 1995, and 1997; the Aum Shinrikyô sarin gas attacks and homicides in Japan in 1995; and the Heaven's Gate mass suicides in California in 1997. The question of pinpointing a common set of variables to explain violence among the few cases on record remains a formidable challenge to researchers. Clearly, the greatest obstacle to developing such a theory or model is that the circumstances and conditions are varied, making comparisons and generalizations difficult. The point can be illustrated through a brief overview.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".