Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A black hole is the region from which the observer who is outside the hole cannot obtain any information. The event horizon represents the boundary of the black hole region. Analogs of the black hole horizon can be realised in such condensed matter where the effective metric arises for quasiparticles. The simplest way to do this is to exploit the liquids moving with velocities exceeding the local maximum attainable speed of quasiparticles. Then, an inner observer who uses only quasiparticles as a means of transferring the information, finds that some regions of space are not accessible for observation. For this observer, who lives in the quantum liquid, these regions are black holes. This chapter discusses different arrangement in superfluids, which may simulate the event horizons; the moving vierbein wall; Laval nozzle; and horizon emerging for ripplons at the interface between 3He-A and 3He-B. The effective Painlevé–Gullstrand metric, which naturally arises in moving superfluids, leads to the simple description of Hawking radiation in terms of quantum tunnelling of quasiparticles across the event horizon. This consideration is extended to the astronomical black holes. Black hole instability beyond the horizon and modified Dirac equation for fermions in the black hole environment are considered.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".