Uneasy Steps: Japan and the Development of the Digital Society
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fifty years ago, only the most visionary dreamer would have conceived of Japan as being at the cutting edge of the digital revolution. In the early 1980s, it would have been a relatively safe bet to guess that Japan would be a world leader in the evolution of computer-based technologies and consumer electronics. Both assumptions, ironically, would prove to be wrong. Through the 1960s, Japan emerged as a major innovator in retail and industrial technologies and played a critical global role in introducing the world to the opportunities posed by transistors. Having established itself as the leading producer of consumer electronics and as major player in the emerging field of personal computers, the country nonetheless reacted very slowly to the potential of the Internet and delayed the nation-wide implementation of this crucial technology. Continuing the unusual pattern of leading and then falling behind on technological innovation, Japan again reverted to its position in front of other nations in terms of the mobile Internet, becoming the first nation to establish cell phone-based Internet services as the key element in national innovation and transformation. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".