Soft Power and the Recalibration of Middle Powers: South Korea as an East Asian Leader and Canada as the Exemplar of the Traditional Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The reshaping of the global system requires a fundamental rethinking of what middle powers need to do to navigate the fast-shifting global geometry of power. In a world that privileges scaling up, across the spectrum from big emerging countries to an overarching concert of powers with an extended scope of regulatory authority, and elaborate and well-resourced public-private transnational networks, secondary players could well be marginalized. However, the middle power model exhibits an impressive—albeit not unchallenged—capacity for revitalization, as in past eras of transition with a shift away from a unipolar locus of power. 1 Moreover, there is strong evidence that this trajectory of relocation can move toward an extension as opposed to a contraction, beyond the model of traditional middle powers. What can be described as an extended “rising middle,” encompassing both established and nontraditional middle powers, if still structurally constrained in many ways, exhibits a capacity for innovation as both receptors and agents of change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".