Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cervix, vagina and perineum are vulnerable to trauma during descent and delivery of the baby. Indeed, some degree of trauma is almost inevitable, particularly in nulliparous women. In most cases the trauma is minor and full recovery can be expected, although perineal pain and superficial dyspareunia can persist for several weeks. However, long-term studies have shown that uterovaginal prolapse and urinary and faecal incontinence are not uncommon following the stretching and tearing of the pelvic floor musculature and the enclosed branches of the pudendal nerve. In addition, a surprising amount of blood can be lost in a short period of time from lacerations of the perineum, vagina and cervix and this is a major risk factor for post-partum haemorrhage. Knowledge of the predisposing factors and recognition and appropriate management of lower genital tract trauma are essential in the provision of safe obstetric care. Factors associated with lower genital tract trauma include prolonged second stage of labour, early maternal pushing in the second stage of labour, macrosomia, persistent occipitoposterior position, assisted vaginal delivery (to a greater degree with forceps than with vacuum) and nulliparity. Classification The perineum extends from the sub-pubic arch to the coccyx. The perineum is divided into two anatomical sites: the anterior urogenital and post erior anal triangles. Anterior perineal trauma involves the labia, anterior vaginal wall, periurethral and periclitoral regions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.060 | 0.017 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".