26. Using Multitransient Electromagnetic Surveys to Characterize Oil Sands and Monitor Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Heavy oil and bitumen constitute the largest easily accessible remaining hydrocarbon deposits in the world, with the greatest potential resources found in Canada, Venezuela, and the former Soviet Union. There are many ways to produce these assets, starting with surface mining of the shallow oil sands to various in situ recovery methods. Heavy oil can sometimes be produced cold, whereas bitumen requires heating or injection of solvents to be mobilized. Cold production of heavy oil may or may not be successfully monitored by electromagnetic surveys (EM), depending on the recovery technique. Slow drainage by pumping the oil is no different from other oil production in terms of EM and should hence be successful, but for the process known as cold heavy-oil production with sand (CHOPS), it is unclear whether this can be successfully monitored by EM because the recovery rate is only 10% and most of the oil and sand is produced from so-called “wormholes,” which affect only restricted parts of the reservoir.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.010 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".