Bibliographic record
Abstract
While Foch had been carrying out his role as commander of XX Corps within Second Army by holding down as many German forces as possible on the eastern frontier, the main battles of August 1914, known collectively as the Battles of the Frontiers, had taken place. By using First and Second Armies in Alsace and Lorraine, Joffre had retained the flexibility to deploy France’s Third and Fourth Armies in the centre and Fifth Army on the left of the line. Joffre knew that German troops were marching through Luxembourg and Belgium, but he did not know their strength or their exact route. As it became clear that the German right wing was stronger than had first been estimated, Joffre drew the conclusion that therefore the centre must have been weakened. First and Second Armies had fulfilled their roles of holding enemy forces admirably, and so, if the German right was indeed stronger, then the forces deployed in front of Third and Fourth Armies in the centre must be weaker. As a consequence, Joffre sent these two armies into Belgium on 21 August (the day after Rupprecht’s attack at Morhange) with orders to attack the enemy wherever he was found. Although Fourth Army was six-corps strong, the opposing German forces were stronger still. Joffre had miscalculated disastrously and the costly Battles of the Frontiers were the result.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.131 | 0.056 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".