Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter establishes the analytical foundations for examining the changing nature of authority and law in the regulation of international commerce. It begins by noting the ubiquity of law today regulating local, national, international, and transnational commercial transactions and identifies significant trends in governance that are linked to deeper transformations in the global political economy. The law merchant ( lex mercatoria ), or private international trade law, is argued to play a crucial role in the increasing juridification, pluralization, and privatization of commercial law and practices. However, this role is obscure and little understood by students of international relations for a number of reasons. The centrality of the law merchant to the historical and contemporary constitution of the global political economy is obscured by analytical, theoretical, and normative or ideological orientations in the dominant approaches to the study of international law and international relations. Analytically, the complexity of the way in which the rules of private international trade law operate, the contested nature of the relationship between public and private international trade law, and the location of the law merchant within this legal framework contribute to a lack of understanding of its significance. This problem is compounded by theories of law, politics, and economics that maintain a set of rigid conceptual distinctions, including the distinctions between private and public law, economics and politics, and civil society and the state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.055 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.017 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".