Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neither Canadian law nor custom define the role of former prime ministers, and their experience is so varied that few generalizations can be made. Some disappear from the political stage; others linger, hoping for a return to power. Since the Second World War, such a return has been rare. Of the seven who have been defeated since 1945, three had the chance to fight another election as leader: John Diefenbaker, Pierre Trudeau and John Turner. Only one, Trudeau, regained the prime minister’s office, but only because the Tory Government had self-destructed before the Liberal Party could choose a new leader. This is in contrast to an earlier age, when comebacks were common: John A. Macdonald, Arthur Meighen and William Lyon Mackenzie King all returned for a second act, and King even enjoyed a third. After giving up any hope of returning to the country’s top political office, former prime ministers usually leave political life altogether. No former prime minister has served in provincial or municipal office. Most have left the Commons, with only John Diefenbaker and Joe Clark running for parliament after having relinquished the party leadership. Out of politics, they have engaged in a wide range of activities, involving themselves in business, the law, universities and charities. Since 1957, almost all have taken time to write memoirs and have worked to manage their reputations. They have few financial worries, and some have become very wealthy. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.064 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.013 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".