Bibliographic record
Abstract
After 22 years in office – and having dominated federal politics for six decades – Canada's Liberal Party found itself thrust into opposition at the election of 1957. Despite the Liberals' winning a plurality of the popular vote, Canada's first-past-the-post electoral system handed a larger seat share to John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservatives (PCs), who went on to form a minority government. When Diefenbaker called a snap election the following year, the results were more devastating: the PC Party emerged with the largest parliamentary majority in Canadian history, reducing the Liberal caucus to 48 members in the 265-seat House of Commons. Resounding defeat provoked a period of ideological conflict and soul-searching within the Liberal Party, prompting debate over the party's direction on a range of social and economic issues. On matters of social welfare, the Liberals had some rightful claim to a legacy of popular reform. Under the governments of William Lyon Mackenzie King, the party had laid the foundations of the modern Canadian welfare state, enacting means-tested old-age pensions in 1927, unemployment insurance in 1940, and family allowances in 1945. Under Mackenzie King's successor, Louis St. Laurent, universal pensions followed in 1951 and national hospital insurance in 1957. At the same time, over the course of the 1950s, St. Laurent's party had lost the initiative in the field of social policy, moving only slowly and grudgingly toward expansions of the welfare state and allowing itself to be outflanked by the opposition.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.041 | 0.014 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".