Bibliographic record
Abstract
The inability to understand the roots of those unique maps makes them even more mysterious as well as marvellous. They were also the first maps illustrated with ships, at first a few and then many and then very many. The portolano was no more than a list of sailing instructions. It stated simply the directions and distances between ports or prominent landmarks. There were no pretensions to detail or to literary quality. They were highly if not exclusively descriptive. Ancient Greece knew a very similar work. Few examples of the periplus have survived, the oldest being from the fifth century BCE and the latest from the fifth century. The last, by Marcianus Heraclensis, covered Europe to the mouth of the Vistula and was a compilation of earlier works, the typical pattern with all such books. The best known was the fourth century BCE compilation attributed to Scylax of Caryanda which covered the Mediterranean and adjacent seas. Though the material existed in such periploi to make a chart there is no evidence that one was ever made. The oldest surviving version of the book by Scylax is from the twelfth century so copies continued to be made. There seems to have been less of a Latin than a Greek tradition of writing such coast pilots.2
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".