Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sunnis and Shi‘is have fought each other in the streets of Baghdad and burned down each other’s quarters since the early decades of the fourth century Hijri (tenth century CE.). 1 Intercommunal fighting, often labeled by chroniclers as fitna (civil strife), reached a peak between the years 972 and 974. In 972, fighting broke out between Sunnis and Shi‘is when the inhabitants of Baghdad were preparing for a military expedition ( ghazwa ) against the Byzantines. 2 In the course of the fitna , the Sunnis burned down a large number of houses in the quarter of Karkh. A year later, in 973, the Sunni wazir , Abu al-Fadl al-Shirazi, who was known as a Sunni zealot, sent people once more to torch the Karkh quarter. According to Ibn al-Kathir, the damage was enormous: many houses in the Karkh quarter were burned down 300 shops and 33 mosques and 17,000 people were hurt. 3 Though the wazir paid for this incitement with his position, the tensions remained and fighting between Sunnis and Shi‘is erupted again in the following year. 4 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.011 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".