Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Hydrocephalus is a common neurological condition characterized by impairment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow with subsequent enlargement of CSF-containing ventricular cavities in the brain. CSF absorption occurs through arachnoid villi into venous sinuses and along cranial and spinal nerves into lymphatics. Enlarging ventricles damage the surrounding brain tissue. In children, hydrocephalus is associated with mental retardation, physical disability, and impaired growth. The pathogenesis of brain dysfunction includes alterations in the chemical environment of brain, chronic ischemia in white matter, and physical damage to axons with ultimate disconnection of neurons. Hydrocephalus is the second most frequent congenital malformation (after spina bifida) of the nervous system, occurring in 5–6 per 10 000 live births. It also develops in 80% of patients with spina bifida, and 15% of premature (< 30 weeks) infants following intraventricular hemorrhage. Hydrocephalus can develop later in childhood or adulthood as a consequence of brain tumors, meningitis, brain injury, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. For detailed discussions of the pathology of hydrocephalus see previous reviews (references 2 and 3). Briefly summarized, the ependyma lining the ventricles is damaged. In the subependymal layer, reactive gliosis is almost always observed and mitotic activity occurs among subependymal cells. Hydrocephalus can cause reduction in cerebral blood flow and alterations in oxidative metabolism in subcortical regions where white-matter axons and myelin are the main target of damage in hydrocephalus. Imaging studies indicate that the brain is edematous in the periventricular region.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.023 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".