Bibliographic record
Abstract
At the end of the Second World War, the United States was in a unique position. As the unchallenged global power, it controlled about half of the world's production, dominated in most technologies and resources, and disposed of a victorious and powerful army. “Today,” wrote British scholar Harold Laski in December 1947, “literally hundreds of millions of Europeans and Asiatics know that both the quality and the rhythm of their lives depend upon decisions made in Washington.” The Americans would indeed play a central role in the shaping of a postwar order governed by new international norms and institutions. Many uncertainties and tensions remained, however, some inherited from the unresolved conflicts of the inter-war years, others from the new alignment of forces that emerged from the war. Chief among these uncertainties was the challenge posed to the new hegemonic power by the rise and assertion of its former ally and now rival, the Soviet Union. “At the present moment in world history,” President Harry Truman told a joint session of Congress in March 1947, “nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life…I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.” The Cold War conflict Truman announced was profound and universal. It defined what Kemal Dervis, former Turkish Minister of the Economy and then head of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), aptly described as an enduring “global ideological battle.”
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".