Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter will emphasize the relation between evangelization and culture by arguing that official missionary discourse was one of necessary ambiguity, and that the missionary intervention in society and culture legitimized a counter discourse in postcolonial writing. Coming in waves The spread of Christianity on the African continent did not occur exclusively with European expansion outside the Western hemisphere from the fifteenth century onwards. Rather it came in several waves. Early Christianity in North Africa during the first and second centuries gave birth to a dynamic and vibrant Christian church, and produced eminent Fathers of the Church such as Saint Augustine, Bishop Cyprian and the theologian and writer Tertullian. The Islamic conquest of Africa soon overshadowed and almost completely erased Christianity in the region, and yet the church survived in different Coptic denominations in Egypt and Ethiopia. A second wave of new evangelization took place during the fifteenth century, concomitant with the great discoveries spearheaded by European expansion outside the West. Portugal’s political power was coupled with the exertions of Portuguese explorers to conquer new territories with the seal and the approval of the Holy See, the highest Christian authority. Through papal bulls ( Dum Diversas (January 1452) and Romanus Pontifex (January 1455) by Nicolas V, Inter Cetera (March 1456) by Callixte III, Aeterni Regis Clementia (June 1481) by Sixte IV, Dum Fide Constantium (1514) and Dumdum Pro Parte (1516) by Leon X), the popes granted to the kings of Portugal the full right to conquer territories, and at the same time to bring the Christian faith into these newly conquered spaces.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".