Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter reviews magnetic resonance (MR) techniques from conventional structural MRI to advanced MRI (volumetry, magnetization transfer (MT), neuromelanin imaging, diffusion imaging, and rs-fMRI). It outlines the ways in which these techniques may be used to detect changes in the brain of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and their relationships with Parkinsonian symptoms. Functional connectivity (FC) methods that take advantage of intrinsic signal fluctuations have demonstrated that the interactions of brain networks are abnormal in PD at the resting state. MRI has proven useful in the differential diagnosis of the various atypical Parkinsonian disorders such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and the Parkinson variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA-P). In PD, changes in the basal ganglia and brainstem are subtle and restricted to nuclei such as the substantia nigra (SN) and locus coeruleus (LC). PSP patients present extensive changes in the brainstem, basal ganglia, and cortical regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".