Bibliographic record
Abstract
The visible state Refugee protection forms a small but troublesome part of a wider picture within which the international community deals with the consequences of conflict. Refugees trigger states' duty to provide international protection for those whose states of nationality are unable or unwilling to protect them. The duty comes into existence when there is a serious risk of persecution or torture which are often a by-product of conflict within states and/or among them. The sovereign interstate system, represented by the United Nations, is based on the visibility of the state alone as the actor on that stage. The recognition of Kosovo as a state in March 2008 by a number of European states to the chagrin of Serbia and the Russian Federation's decision in August 2008 to recognise South Ossetia in spite of Georgian resistance are only some examples of the political contestation which surrounds efforts to acquire that visibility and in so doing, sovereignty. They also exemplify the conflict which may surround visibility struggles as the fact of recognition by some states does not necessarily result in sovereignty. If most of the world refuses to recognise a territory as a state, such as has happened in respect of Northern Cyprus, then the territory does not acquire sovereignty within the state system. However, once accepted into the interstate system, the state is entitled to enjoy equality with other states within the international community. The starting place is the principle that all states are equally sovereign.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.018 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".