New Zealand: The Expansion of the State in a Liberal Welfare Regime
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Internationally, New Zealand and Australia are often coupled together in some kind of an Antipodean version of the British welfare system. Yet, although they may be placed within the same “liberal welfare regime” camp, and both countries share a commonwealth heritage that has informed the development of their welfare states, there are significant differences in policy objectives, policy design, and institutional structures (St John 2004). In contrast to Australia’s federal system of government, New Zealand has a unicameral government that, until 1993, was elected via a first-past-the-post electoral system. 1 This system of government proved conducive to extreme policy swings and allowed some unusual experiments to be undertaken in both economic and social policy, including attempts to use private mechanisms to achieve public objectives. Although there is now some evidence of a trend toward convergence in some components of social policy across the two countries (McClelland and St John 2006), New Zealand remains unique and worthy of examination in its own right. Accordingly this chapter focuses primarily on New Zealand in the belief that its particular experience of the public-private dichotomy may be of interest to other countries. Some comparisons are drawn with health and pensions policies in Australia to illustrate the rather different approaches to social policy that have been taken in these neighboring countries. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".