From conflict to coexistence: a case study of geese and agriculture in Scotland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: THE GOOSE–AGRICULTURE CONFLICT IN SCOTLAND, UK Scotland hosts six species of geese for all or part of the year which comprise nine distinct breeding populations (Table 11.1). Six of these populations breed in arctic regions (Greenland, Iceland, Svalbard or Russia) and winter in Scotland, while the Scottish and naturalized populations of greylag geese ( Anser anser ) and Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) are resident. Many populations are protected under the 1979 European Union Birds Directive (Directive 79/409/EEC) and the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act in the UK. Greenland white-fronted geese ( Anser albifrons flavirostris ) and both populations of barnacle geese ( Branta leucopsis ) are afforded the highest level of protection under Annex I of the EU Directive, while bean geese ( Anser fabalis ), greylag geese, Canada geese, pink-footed geese ( Anser brachyrhynchus ) and white-fronted geese are listed under Annex II/2 and may be legally hunted in the UK. Most populations are increasing, largely as a result of hunting controls (Owen 1990). However, their ranges in Scotland remain very restricted in time and space (Fig. 11.1, Table 11.1). The entire Svalbard barnacle goose population, for example, winters in a 50 × 5 km coastal strip on the Solway Firth, in southwest Scotland (Fig. 11.1). Similarly, even highly mobile species like the pink-footed goose, with a winter range extending from northeast Scotland to southeast England, remains concentrated around a few important roost sites.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".