TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF THE PASTEURISATION PROCESS ON TRACE ELEMENTS IN DONOR BREAST MILK
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of the pasteurisation process on trace elements in donor breast milk. METHOD: Premature infants often receive donor breast milk when the mother is unable to produce sufficient breast milk. It is widely accepted that donor milk has considerable advantages over formula milk.1 The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital (RBWH) has a milk bank that receives milk donated by women which undergoes a pasteurisation process.2 This study investigated the effect of pasteurisation on a range of trace elements in donor milk.A total of 14 participants who donated to the milk bank were recruited in this study. A 2 ml sample was collected pre- and post- pasteurisation, and frozen at -80 °C. Post-natal age of the milk was documented. Inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry was used to analyse the following trace elements - zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), manganese (Mn), iodine (I), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo) and bromine (Br). The study received ethical approval from RBWH and The University of Queensland Ethics Committee. RESULTS: No significant difference was found between the levels of any of the trace elements tested pre- and post-pasteurisation. The following p-values were calculated - Zn (0.82), Cu (0.80), Se (0.97), Mn (0.63), I (0.99), Fe (0.05), Mo (0.41), Br (0.59). The following ranges in mcg/L of trace elements were calculated - Zn (365.4-5460.0), Cu (157.6-820.5), Se (10.6-23.7), Mn (0.55-3.24), I (66.4-215.3), Fe (101.5-473.1), Mo (0.20-5.45), Br (704.9-3379.0). Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed significant correlations between post-natal age of milk and trace elements - Zn (ρ=-0.578), Se (ρ=-0.627). Fe (ρ=-0.704), and Mo (ρ=-0.534). No significant correlation was found for Cu, Mn, I, and Br. CONCLUSION: This study found that the pasteurisation process had minimal effect on trace element levels in donor breast milk. However, it was noted that there was a correlation between post-natal age of donor milk and Zn, Se, Fe and Mo. Further work is needed to establish factors that may influence levels of trace elements in donor milk such as post-natal age.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".