Mineral Precipitation Kinetics: Assessing the Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure and Its Implication on the Nucleation Mechanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfate minerals (barite, anhydrite, and celestite) can be a technological hindrance as a result of scale formation especially for operations where seawater injection is involved. The effect of pH, temperature, and saturation index (SI) on sulfate mineral nucleation and growth are fairly well-known, but the influence of pressure on the nucleation kinetics has attracted no attention. Here we show that nucleation kinetics of barite, anhydrite, and celestite is highly dependent on hydrostatic pressure applied even under constant thermodynamic driving force, that is, at the same supersaturation level. Activation parameters of barite nucleation kinetics were calculated, and measured values are in agreement with literature. The negative activation volume measured suggests that barite nucleation from hydrated Ba 2+ and SO 4 2– ions is coupled to an overall volume decrease, albeit a large volume increase due to dehydration is expected. The results indicate that nucleation is not controlled by desolvation of solvated precursor Ba 2+ and SO 4 2– ions but rather by an intrinsic volume collapse in the rate-determining step of the nucleation and crystal growth processes. The activation parameters measured in this study indirectly support previous findings of formation of hydrated barite precursor before formation of crystalline barite particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".