Endometrial Gene and Protein Expressions in Dairy Cows and Heifers.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pregnancy rate is a key parameter that reflects the reproductive efficiency of a dairy cow. Pregnancy rates of high producing, lactating dairy cows have declined drastically over the past several decades and this could be due to changes in the quality of embryonic, uterine and nutritional environments. However, pregnancy rates of heifers have not declined over the same period. Lower pregnancy rates in cows have resulted in increased calving interval and decreased amount of milk production which results in a considerable loss to the dairy industry. Conceptus growth and development are controlled to some extent by the maternal uterine environment. Therefore, the health of the uterus is important for the embryonic survival and maintenance of pregnancy. A number of factors play essential roles in modulating the differentiative and proliferative changes in the endometrium during the period of early embryonic development, including steroid hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. In order to understand the reasons for reduced pregnancy rates in dairy cows, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1 (IL1), insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), uterine milk protein (UTMP), apoptotic proteins (BAX and BCL2) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) were studied in uterine endometrium of cows and heifers. Preliminary study was performed to optimize the PCR conditions for the above genes using uteri collected from the local abattoir. Heifers and parous cows (n=5, each) were estrus synchronized by administering 25 mg PGF2α (Lutalyse) twice intramuscularly 12 days apart. Two endometrial biopsies were performed 12 days after estrus (during the mid luteal phase), and the collected tissue samples were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C or saved in 3% formaldehyde until processing. RNA was extracted using Tri Reagent and the quantity and quality of were assessed by measuring the optical densities using Nanodrop ND-1000 spectrophotometer. After reverse transcription of total RNA (Cells-to cDNA II kit, Ambion), PCR was performed using JumpStart RED Taq Ready Mix PCR reaction mix and gene specific primers. PCR products were analysed by gel electrophoresis using ethidium bromide (0.2µg/ml) stained 2% agarose gel and photographed under ultraviolet illumination. The optical density of each gene was measured by Scion 4.02 software and normalized to house keeping gene (G3PDH). To quantify the protein levels of IL1, TNFα and FGF2, immunohistochemistry of paraffin embedded sections was performed using polyclonal antibodies. The expression level was quantified using HSCORE method. Transcript abundance for BCL2, IL1, TNFα, FGF2 and UTMP were significantly higher in heifers compared to cows. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increased expression of IL1, TNFα and FGF2 proteins in the endometrium of heifers than cows. In conclusion, the differential expression of above genes may have an effect on the quality of the endometrium and this in turn explains the differences in pregnancy rates observed in dairy cows and heifers. (poster)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".